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Monthly Archives: September 2007
2007年9月26日,杜维明:同一文明内部无沟通是真正的冲突
核心提示:首届尼山世界文明论坛于9月26日开幕。9月25日,哈佛大学教授、“新儒家”第三代代表人物杜维明在济宁接受凤凰网独家专访。年逾70的杜维明为了这次专访,专门换上了绛紫色香云纱的唐装。他谈到了与霍普金斯教授对谈的内容,“对话文明与和平文化”,他认为现代国际社会文明隔阂,实际的差异和互不了解已经积累了很深的裂痕;而“对话的文明”,或许才真正起步。 采访人:李杨 对话、沟通才能和谐 凤凰网:尼山论坛中有一个和的对话,你是怎么理解的? 杜维明:“和”的必要条件就是“异”,差异。和的对立面常常是同,常常我们把这个“和”和“同”混为一谈,“同”没有多样化。如果是在绘画上应有很多不同颜色。“和”的观念来自音乐的和谐。音乐要各种不同的乐器,甚至各种不同的节奏,才能慢慢形成一个比较复杂但又比较悦耳的乐章。 每一个人,活生生、具体的人都是不同的,每一个民族、一个国家都有所不同。所以在这种情况下,和谐变得非常重要,通过对话才能和谐。“通”我觉得是一个很好的观念,就是大家能够共鸣,沟通,所以“和”应该是尊重“异”,就是各种不同的“异”,你不要把它当做一种威胁。甚至有些学者说,如果你和持有非常不同观点的人物进行沟通,你先不要把你的主观意愿强加于人,你经过聆听,可能会理清自己的一些成见,拓展你的视野。所以“和”本身是一个比较复杂的观念。
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2007年9月11日,个人、社群与道——古代群体批判的自我意识的出现
在中国传统中,典型的儒家思想者是那种具有深沉的历史意识、娴熟的琴棋书画艺术技能以及对政府日常事务深切关注的地方学者-官员。如果将哲学宽泛地定义为由洞察力方面的训练有素的反思而形成的教言,那么儒家思想对于人类境况的观察与承当确实是卓越的。它是一种具体的思想形式,其洞察力发生于实践生活。不同于希腊哲人、希伯来先知、印度教宗、佛教僧侣或基督教牧师,儒家学者参与社会,投身政治,并且致力于现世文化的创化。 我们可以发现儒家学者与现代西方知识分子的观点具有某些显著的类似,但构成这些观点的观念却各不相同。源于俄国知识阶层的现代西方知识分子观念是启蒙运动的产物,是一种世俗的人文主义。而儒家学者则从宇宙学以及人类学的观念得到启示,从而完全摒弃了人类中心主义。马克斯·韦伯(Max Weber)认为,对现代西方知识分子具有号召力的两种恰当方式是科学与政治学。儒家知识分子在关切政治、参与社会的同时,还必须通过教育致力于文化结构的调整与发展,以免社会和政府仅仅被财富和权力所统治。随着神秘境界或普遍友爱的解魅,现代西方知识分子——如同韦伯自己承认的那样——已被科学、技术和专业主义所支配,因而变得与宗教事务不再和谐,而且对于独特的本土知识也予以忽视。然而,从近几十年来北美和西欧学术界对于民族、性别、语言、领土、阶级以及信仰的兴趣高涨的情况来看,韦伯的植根于抽象普遍主义的现代观似乎已与时代相悖。 儒家知识分子的观念——关心政治、参与社会、创造文化——看来对于学界、政府、传媒、企业、宗教以及公共组织中的那些关心世界事务、参与社会实践、献身于文化风俗完美的从业人员具有特别的参考作用。在这一意义上,儒家学者无论是精神上的自我界定还是社会功能,都比希腊哲人、犹太先知、印度教宗、佛教僧侣或基督教牧师更令人联想到现代知识分子。而且,基于对环境恶化、社会分裂、分配不公的普遍关注,儒家具有包容性的人文主义看来比启蒙时代以人类为中心的世俗人文主义更加切合当前的时代精神。 来源:孔子2000 http://www.chinakongzi.org/rw/xszj/duweiming/200709/t20070911_8093.htm
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2007年第9期,《学术月刊》,杜维明:孔子的《论语》
《论语》是孔子的弟子们为了纪念孔子把他与弟子们的谈话提炼、编撰而成的一部著作。对它的解释多种多样,但并不可以任意解释。孔子的事业主要在于教育,而不是政治。在孔子眼里,即使是政治,也是要通过教育实现的一种伦理境界。他所构想的这种人类交往的方式超越于现代政治学的范畴。从更广的方面说,孔子的教育也不仅限于伦理。学做完人是综合而完整的课程,它覆盖了我们现在所谓文科的全部。在一个讲求实惠、以个人为中心的世界里,追求精神满足的渴求常常容易采取极端主义的和只强调特殊性的方式。而《论语》所表达的孔子的人性学说,对于实现人生目的而言是一条平衡的和敞开的道路,它为认知自我提供了重要的精神训练,是一种根基性的智慧,是激发人类作自我理解的永不衰竭的源泉。 (作者:[ 美国 ]杜维明 摘自《学术月刊》2007年第9期) 知网 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-WSZS200711027.htm
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