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Monthly Archives: December 2006
2006年12月19日,杜维明:个人、社群与道——古代群体批判的自我意识的出现
在中国传统中,典型的儒家思想者是那种具有深沉的历史意识、娴熟的琴棋书画艺术技 能以及对政府日常事务深切关注的地方学者-官员。如果将哲学宽泛地定义为由洞察力方面 的训练有素的反思而形成的教言,那么儒家思想对于人类境况的观察与承当确实是卓越的。 它是一种具体的思想形式,其洞察力发生于实践生活。不同于希腊哲人、希伯来先知、印度 教宗、佛教僧侣或基督教牧师,儒家学者参与社会,投身政治,并且致力于现世文化的创化。 我们可以发现儒家学者与现代西方知识分子的观点具有某些显著的类似,但构成这些观 点的观念却各不相同。源于俄国知识阶层的现代西方知识分子观念是启蒙运动的产物,是一 种世俗的人文主义。而儒家学者则从宇宙学以及人类学的观念得到启示,从而完全摒弃了人 类中心主义。马克斯·韦伯(Max Weber)认为,对现代西方知识分子具有号召力的两种恰 当方式是科学与政治学。儒家知识分子在关切政治、参与社会的同时,还必须通过教育致力 于文化结构的调整与发展,以免社会和政府仅仅被财富和权力所统治。随着神秘境界或普遍 友爱的解魅,现代西方知识分子——如同韦伯自己承认的那样——已被科学、技术和专业主 义所支配,因而变得与宗教事务不再和谐,而且对于独特的本土知识也予以忽视。然而,从 近几十年来北美和西欧学术界对于民族、性别、语言、领土、阶级以及信仰的兴趣高涨的情 况来看,韦伯的植根于抽象普遍主义的现代观似乎已与时代相悖。 儒家知识分子的观念——关心政治、参与社会、创造文化——看来对于学界、政府、传 媒、企业、宗教以及公共组织中的那些关心世界事务、参与社会实践、献身于文化风俗完美 的从业人员具有特别的参考作用。在这一意义上,儒家学者无论是精神上的自我界定还是社 会功能,都比希腊哲人、犹太先知、印度教宗、佛教僧侣或基督教牧师更令人联想到现代知 识分子。而且,基于对环境恶化、社会分裂、分配不公的普遍关注,儒家具有包容性的人文 主义看来比启蒙时代以人类为中心的世俗人文主义更加切合当前的时代精神。 十多年来,我一直基于儒学进行启蒙反思,因为我强烈地认为,现代西方强势意识形态 盲目否定的后果已使中国传统精神资源边缘化,并且威胁到中华世界的核心价值乃至人类的 未来生存。我确切地意识到,启蒙心态业已成为现代中国意识的明确特征,而且由于 1919 年五四运动以来某些最时髦观念的推波助澜,它已基本上摧毁了儒家传统,以至任何对儒学 进行重新思考或使之恢复活力的努力都必须以启蒙主义的评判作为出发点。我对于启蒙主义 的批评力图从总体上对它加以拓展、深化和丰富,而不是加以解构。
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